Water in England
Served by a privatised water industry of regional monopoly companies, economically regulated by Ofwat, with drinking water quality regulated by the DWI and the environment regulated by the Environment Agency.
Headline indicators
Where this number comes from
Source: Met Office — HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations, HadUK-Grid areal series, Rainfall, England, annual. Licence: Open — attribution required (attribution required).
Method: Met Office published area-average total precipitation, from the HadUK-Grid 1 km gridded analysis of the national rain gauge network. Gauge density is far lower in the nineteenth century than today, and mountain precipitation is systematically under-measured, so early values carry greater uncertainty than recent ones.
Retrieved 24 August 2026.
Rainfall
View the data behind this chart
| Period | England (mm) |
|---|---|
| 1836 | 886 |
| 1837 | 747 |
| 1838 | 760 |
| 1839 | 920 |
| 1840 | 688 |
| 1841 | 968 |
| 1842 | 728 |
| 1843 | 833 |
| 1844 | 652 |
| 1845 | 802 |
| 1846 | 826 |
| 1847 | 745 |
| 1848 | 1,009 |
| 1849 | 783 |
| 1850 | 703 |
| 1851 | 713 |
| 1852 | 1,055 |
| 1853 | 781 |
| 1854 | 628 |
| 1855 | 660 |
| 1856 | 775 |
| 1857 | 736 |
| 1858 | 653 |
| 1859 | 815 |
| 1860 | 964 |
| 1861 | 753 |
| 1862 | 828 |
| 1863 | 771 |
| 1864 | 629 |
| 1865 | 821 |
| 1866 | 938 |
| 1867 | 795 |
| 1868 | 820 |
| 1869 | 839 |
| 1870 | 651 |
| 1871 | 777 |
| 1872 | 1,156 |
| 1873 | 721 |
| 1874 | 746 |
| 1875 | 914 |
| 1876 | 934 |
| 1877 | 1,008 |
| 1878 | 870 |
| 1879 | 866 |
| 1880 | 906 |
| 1881 | 868 |
| 1882 | 1,016 |
| 1883 | 871 |
| 1884 | 696 |
| 1885 | 806 |
| 1886 | 914 |
| 1887 | 597 |
| 1888 | 782 |
| 1889 | 749 |
| 1890 | 725 |
| 1891 | 900 |
| 1892 | 756 |
| 1893 | 673 |
| 1894 | 868 |
| 1895 | 768 |
| 1896 | 748 |
| 1897 | 807 |
| 1898 | 694 |
| 1899 | 756 |
| 1900 | 872 |
| 1901 | 694 |
| 1902 | 675 |
| 1903 | 1,043 |
| 1904 | 717 |
| 1905 | 675 |
| 1906 | 807 |
| 1907 | 810 |
| 1908 | 717 |
| 1909 | 848 |
| 1910 | 899 |
| 1911 | 760 |
| 1912 | 1,002 |
| 1913 | 770 |
| 1914 | 868 |
| 1915 | 885 |
| 1916 | 927 |
| 1917 | 784 |
| 1918 | 857 |
| 1919 | 836 |
| 1920 | 844 |
| 1921 | 559 |
| 1922 | 842 |
| 1923 | 893 |
| 1924 | 956 |
| 1925 | 847 |
| 1926 | 812 |
| 1927 | 982 |
| 1928 | 911 |
| 1929 | 795 |
| 1930 | 934 |
| 1931 | 881 |
| 1932 | 824 |
| 1933 | 651 |
| 1934 | 759 |
| 1935 | 903 |
| 1936 | 869 |
| 1937 | 875 |
| 1938 | 804 |
| 1939 | 913 |
| 1940 | 809 |
| 1941 | 770 |
| 1942 | 752 |
| 1943 | 750 |
| 1944 | 814 |
| 1945 | 743 |
| 1946 | 955 |
| 1947 | 728 |
| 1948 | 858 |
| 1949 | 711 |
| 1950 | 908 |
| 1951 | 987 |
| 1952 | 796 |
| 1953 | 678 |
| 1954 | 985 |
| 1955 | 694 |
| 1956 | 783 |
| 1957 | 811 |
| 1958 | 937 |
| 1959 | 732 |
| 1960 | 1,063 |
| 1961 | 804 |
| 1962 | 731 |
| 1963 | 792 |
| 1964 | 654 |
| 1965 | 919 |
| 1966 | 949 |
| 1967 | 909 |
| 1968 | 903 |
| 1969 | 822 |
| 1970 | 833 |
| 1971 | 732 |
| 1972 | 779 |
| 1973 | 667 |
| 1974 | 920 |
| 1975 | 688 |
| 1976 | 732 |
| 1977 | 847 |
| 1978 | 818 |
| 1979 | 906 |
| 1980 | 886 |
| 1981 | 912 |
| 1982 | 878 |
| 1983 | 801 |
| 1984 | 834 |
| 1985 | 809 |
| 1986 | 905 |
| 1987 | 847 |
| 1988 | 842 |
| 1989 | 737 |
| 1990 | 755 |
| 1991 | 719 |
| 1992 | 874 |
| 1993 | 904 |
| 1994 | 914 |
| 1995 | 752 |
| 1996 | 677 |
| 1997 | 783 |
| 1998 | 967 |
| 1999 | 936 |
| 2000 | 1,109 |
| 2001 | 863 |
| 2002 | 1,007 |
| 2003 | 674 |
| 2004 | 890 |
| 2005 | 746 |
| 2006 | 845 |
| 2007 | 933 |
| 2008 | 981 |
| 2009 | 875 |
| 2010 | 727 |
| 2011 | 713 |
| 2012 | 1,126 |
| 2013 | 813 |
| 2014 | 983 |
| 2015 | 867 |
| 2016 | 823 |
| 2017 | 825 |
| 2018 | 795 |
| 2019 | 980 |
| 2020 | 989 |
| 2021 | 877 |
| 2022 | 779 |
| 2023 | 1,071 |
| 2024 | 1,037 |
| 2025 | 798 |
Storm overflows
Monitoring coverage expanded substantially across this period, so part of the change reflects increased measurement rather than increased discharge.
View the data behind this chart
| Period | Recorded spills (spills/yr) |
|---|---|
| 2020 | 403,000 |
| 2021 | 372,500 |
| 2022 | 301,000 |
| 2023 | 464,000 |
| 2024 | 450,000 |
Measured here
Hydrionis holds records from 5,611 monitoring locations in England, read directly from the national network rather than reported at country level.
| Measurement | Locations | Values |
|---|---|---|
| Mean monthly river flow | 356 | 238,677 |
| Groundwater level | 782 | 189,720 |
| pH | 4,629 | 70,378 |
| Nitrate as nitrogen | 3,923 | 56,632 |
| Dissolved oxygen | 3,679 | 49,378 |
| Dissolved oxygen saturation | 2,365 | 30,869 |
| Orthophosphate as phosphorus | 1,899 | 24,960 |
| Ammoniacal nitrogen | 1,565 | 20,640 |
| Mean river flow | 355 | 17,060 |
See the England monitoring network — where the stations are, and what each one measures.
Coverage for this place
Entities in England
The largest artificial lake in the UK by capacity, built to supply industrial demand in north east England that never fully mate…
One of the largest reservoirs in England by surface area, a pumped storage reservoir filled from the Rivers Nene and Welland rat…
The dominant groundwater resource of southern and eastern England, supplying a large share of public water in the region and fee…
The outbreak in Soho, London, that John Snow traced to a single contaminated water pump — establishing that cholera is waterborn…
The summer in which the untreated sewage of London, discharged directly to the Thames, became unbearable at Westminster — and Pa…
Twenty tonnes of aluminium sulphate were discharged into the wrong tank at Lowermoor treatment works, entering the supply servin…
The benchmark British drought of the instrumental record: sixteen months of exceptional dryness ending in the hottest summer the…
The driest summer in England since 1976, in which the National Drought Group declared drought across most of the country, severa…
A drought that brought Yorkshire close to running out of water, with tankering between reservoirs and standpipes prepared, despi…
A Cryptosporidium outbreak in the Brixham area of south Devon caused by contamination entering the local supply network.
Environment Agency / Crown Court action against Southern Water: Thousands of illegal discharges of untreated sewage from wastewa…
Environment Agency / Crown Court action against Thames Water: Repeated discharges of untreated sewage into the Thames and its tr…
Ofwat action against Yorkshire Water: Failures in the operation and management of wastewater treatment works and storm overflows.
Natural mineral water from Buxton, Derbyshire, from a spring rising at a constant 27 °C. Total dissolved solids around 280 mg/l.
Purified water from Spring water, subsequently vapour distilled and remineralised with electrolytes. Total dissolved solids arou…
Natural mineral water from Test Valley, Hampshire. Total dissolved solids around 312 mg/l.
The largest wastewater treatment works in the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe, treating the sewage of a large pa…
A 25 km storage and transfer tunnel beneath the Thames built to intercept combined sewer overflow discharges that Bazalgette’s V…
A proposed large pumped-storage reservoir in Oxfordshire, intended to underpin water supply for London and the south east throug…
A proposed reservoir in Cambridgeshire to support growth in the driest part of the UK, where existing chalk groundwater abstract…
A proposed reservoir intended to add regional resilience in eastern England.
The first new reservoir in southern England for decades, filled with surplus spring water and supporting reduced abstraction fro…
A proposed transfer of treated effluent-derived water along the Grand Union Canal from the Midlands to the south east.
Large-scale mains replacement and leakage reduction programme under the 2025–2030 regulatory period.
Within this place
- Thames Water service area · utility service area
- Severn Trent service area · utility service area
- United Utilities service area · utility service area
- Yorkshire Water service area · utility service area
- Anglian Water service area · utility service area
- Southern Water service area · utility service area
- South West Water service area · utility service area
- Wessex Water service area · utility service area
- Northumbrian Water service area · utility service area
- Affinity Water service area · utility service area
- South East Water service area · utility service area
- Northern England (climate district) · global region
- Southern England (climate district) · global region
- East and North East England (climate district) · global region
- Midlands (climate district) · global region
- East Anglia (climate district) · global region
- South East and Central Southern England (climate district) · global region