The monitoring network within this area

Hydrionis holds 396 values from 2 gauges within it. Discharge is a property of a gauge and its reach, not of this drainage area, so this page reports the network and its records rather than a single figure.

Gauges

396

Values held

1924–2026

Record spans

Gauges within the Baptism-Brule huc8 subbasin

2 monitoring points, positioned as the publisher records them.

Flood peaks, as measured

This gauge's flood record, as measured. Unlike a daily mean it is the discharge at the moment the river was highest, which is the figure flood frequency analysis is built on.

Largest measured flow of each year at PIGEON RIVER AT MIDDLE FALLS NR GRAND PORTAGE MN

The highest instantaneous discharge the publisher recorded in each year — a flood peak as measured, not a daily average of one. 1924–2025.

Show relevant events (1 event)Shading marks when something was recorded, not what caused the line.

Published by the gauge's own operator from its sub-daily record; Hydrionis stores the figure rather than recomputing it. A year the gauge did not cover produces no value rather than a low one, and the gaps are stated below the chart. A peak is a property of this gauge and its reach: a larger flood upstream or downstream of it is not in this series.

What the shaded periods are (1 event)

A shaded period marks when something was recorded, not what caused the shape of the line. Where the two coincide, they coincided.

Documented record — A documented event, compiled from cited sources after it happened. The dates are as good as the record, which for older events can mean the month rather than the day.

Event	Type	Period	Standing	Authority
Hurricane Katrina water and sanitation collapse	Flood	2005-08-29 – 2005-09-30	Documented record	Compiled record

Not shown on this chart

The 1976 drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
The 2022 drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
Yorkshire drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
Cantareira water crisis, São Paulo — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
Cape Town Day Zero — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
European drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.

View the data behind this chart

Underlying data
Period	PIGEON RIVER AT MIDDLE FALLS NR GRAND PORTAGE MN (m³/s)
1924	98.3
1925	151
1927	209
1928	176
1930	109
1932	93.4
1933	123
1934	311
1935	151
1936	209
1937	163
1938	136
1939	130
1940	103
1941	165
1942	117
1943	103
1944	129
1945	180
1946	94.0
1947	184
1948	283
1949	94.0
1950	209
1951	212
1952	139
1953	118
1954	262
1955	90.0
1956	119
1957	158
1958	22.5
1959	61.2
1960	88.9
1961	100
1962	44.7
1963	80.7
1964	234
1965	124
1966	115
1967	113
1968	103
1969	133
1970	164
1971	143
1972	137
1973	90.6
1974	129
1975	101
1976	183
1977	297
1979	212
1980	84.7
1981	94.0
1982	165
1983	95.1
1984	99.4
1985	114
1986	151
1987	56.6
1988	118
1989	104
1990	86.6
1991	107
1992	121
1993	85.2
1994	108
1995	69.9
1996	182
1997	108
1998	60.3
2000	73.6
2001	167
2002	81.8
2003	101
2004	104
2005	107
2006	98.0
2007	28.6
2009	118
2011	99.1
2012	105
2013	149
2014	127
2015	64.0
2016	94.0
2017	60.3
2019	92.3
2021	76.5
2022	362
2023	169
2024	103
2025	154

About this series

Everything below is a property of the data rather than a rating of it. There is deliberately no single confidence score: how much a gap matters depends on what you are about to do with the series, and only you know that.

Source	United States Geological Survey — National Water Information System · US Government work — public domain
How the values came to exist	Measured
Period held	1924–2025
Completeness	91.2% of the periods in that span are held. Gaps are drawn as breaks and never interpolated.
Known gaps	9 separate periods inside 1924–2025 hold no value. They are drawn as breaks in the line and are never interpolated across.
Continuity	The record begins in 1924 and is not continuous from it: 102 years separate the first value from the last, and 91% of the years between them are held. The span is not the record.
Last read from the publisher	2026-08-31
Redistribution	Permitted by the upstream licences
Commercial reuse	Permitted by the upstream licences. No Hydrionis access tier can widen this.
Methodology	How this was produced

How much of the rain came back out

A discharge in cubic metres per second cannot be compared with anything: the larger number may only mean the larger catchment. Divided by the area draining to the gauge it becomes a depth of water over that land, which answers a question a reader already has — of the rain that fell here, how much came back out as river?

Water leaving the catchment above PIGEON RIVER AT MIDDLE FALLS NR GRAND PORTAGE MN, as a depth

The year's flow spread over the land draining to this gauge, in millimetres — the same unit rainfall is measured in. 1924–2025.

Show relevant events (1 event)Shading marks when something was recorded, not what caused the line.

Computed by Hydrionis from the published annual mean flow and the catchment area the station's own publisher states. It is not a water balance: the difference between rainfall and runoff is not evaporation alone but also change in groundwater storage, water abstracted and taken elsewhere, and water imported by transfer schemes — which is why a catchment can yield more runoff than the rain that fell on it without anything being measured wrongly. A different area figure rescales every value here by the ratio between them.

What the shaded periods are (1 event)

A shaded period marks when something was recorded, not what caused the shape of the line. Where the two coincide, they coincided.

Documented record — A documented event, compiled from cited sources after it happened. The dates are as good as the record, which for older events can mean the month rather than the day.

Event	Type	Period	Standing	Authority
Hurricane Katrina water and sanitation collapse	Flood	2005-08-29 – 2005-09-30	Documented record	Compiled record

Not shown on this chart

The 1976 drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
The 2022 drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
Yorkshire drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
Cantareira water crisis, São Paulo — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
Cape Town Day Zero — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.
European drought — This event’s area does not contain this chart’s subject. Sharing a country is not sharing an event, so it is not drawn.

View the data behind this chart

Underlying data
Period	PIGEON RIVER AT MIDDLE FALLS NR GRAND PORTAGE MN (mm)
1924	229
1925	192
1926	255
1927	379
1928	366
1929	152
1930	263
1931	195
1932	270
1933	262
1934	342
1935	310
1936	253
1937	301
1938	288
1939	269
1940	198
1941	303
1942	276
1943	333
1944	379
1945	284
1946	267
1947	394
1948	295
1949	212
1950	480
1951	463
1952	253
1953	268
1954	318
1955	176
1956	275
1957	225
1958	106
1959	223
1960	192
1961	217
1962	184
1963	189
1964	329
1965	326
1966	322
1967	223
1968	358
1969	304
1970	481
1971	443
1972	309
1973	372
1974	342
1975	249
1976	251
1977	366
1978	279
1979	336
1980	195
1981	273
1982	349
1983	313
1984	281
1985	338
1986	295
1987	194
1988	255
1989	297
1990	242
1991	250
1992	310
1993	274
1994	261
1995	185
1996	383
1997	259
1998	222
1999	347
2000	191
2001	386
2002	128
2003	172
2004	260
2005	274
2006	218
2007	224
2008	382
2009	290
2010	98.0
2011	235
2012	231
2013	327
2014	379
2015	243
2016	336
2017	397
2018	175
2019	352
2020	201
2021	176
2022	438
2023	338
2024	213
2025	253

About this series

Source	United States Geological Survey — National Water Information System · US Government work — public domain
How the values came to exist	Derived Computed by Hydrionis
Period held	1924–2025
Completeness	100.0% of the periods in that span are held.
Continuity	Continuous: every year from 1924 to 2025 is held.
Last read from the publisher	2026-08-24
Redistribution	Permitted by the upstream licences
Commercial reuse	Permitted by the upstream licences. No Hydrionis access tier can widen this.
Methodology	How this was produced

Every gauge Hydrionis holds within this area

Gauges within the Baptism-Brule and what each holds
Gauge	Measures	Values	Record
PIGEON RIVER AT MIDDLE FALLS NR GRAND PORTAGE MN	burned area within 50 km, catchment area, annual maximum river flow, mean river flow	238	1924–2026
BAPTISM RIVER NEAR BEAVER BAY, MN	burned area within 50 km, catchment area, annual maximum river flow, mean river flow	158	1930–2026

How these gauges were attached to this water

Assigned by the publisher to a numbered basin Every gauge here is assigned to this drainage area by its own publisher, which issues the area an official code — 04010101. A drainage area is not a river: it contains the tributaries as well as the main channel, and a gauge in it may be on any of them.

What each gauge’s link to this water rests on
Gauge	Evidence	Established
PIGEON RIVER AT MIDDLE FALLS NR GRAND PORTAGE MN	Stated by the publisher — USGS site service, huc_cd field — https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/site/ ; named from the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset 8-digit HU (Subbasin) layer — https://hydro.nationalmap.gov/arcgis/rest/services/wbd/MapServer/4	2026-08-26
BAPTISM RIVER NEAR BEAVER BAY, MN	Stated by the publisher — USGS site service, huc_cd field — https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/site/ ; named from the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset 8-digit HU (Subbasin) layer — https://hydro.nationalmap.gov/arcgis/rest/services/wbd/MapServer/4	2026-08-26

What this record holds

Hydrionis decides which waters get a page, and which of those are offered to search, from what is actually held rather than from how the page reads. Five signals are counted; this record has 3 of them, which makes it a full profile.

Information-gain signals held for this water body
Signal	Held	Counts
Gauges holding a real record	2	no
Years spanned	103	yes, 20 or more
Values held	396	no
Distinct measurements	4	yes, 2 or more
Publishers measuring it	2	yes, 2 or more
Official identifiers	1	recorded, not counted

Use this data

Machine-readable JSON /api/v1/observations/by-subject/gauge-usgs-04010500.json
How to cite this, and who you must credit
How these figures were produced
Request this at a different scale, format or geography

No bulk download is offered here, which is a licence position rather than a product one: at least one contributing publisher does not permit redistribution. The values can be read on the page, cited, and pointed to at source.

Attribution and citation

Suggested citation for Hydrionis

Hydrionis (2026), Baptism-Brule gauge records, accessed 2026-09-02, hydrionis.com/waters/united-states-baptism-brule/

Cite Hydrionis where you rely on values Hydrionis computed, on the method that produced them, or on the compilation itself. The underlying measurements remain the publishers’ and their attribution requirements apply to you directly.

Recommended, not required. Hydrionis does not claim rights over unmodified public data it relayed, and doing arithmetic on somebody else’s measurements does not make them Hydrionis’s. Cite the version and the access date: the Baptism-Brule gauge records changes as publishers release and as methods are revised, and a citation without both cannot be checked later. Full guidance is on cite and reuse.

None of the contributing licences requires attribution. Crediting the publishers is still good practice and they are listed above.

Where these figures come from

MeasuredHigh confidence2025-04-29

Source: USGS — National Water Information System, USGS site 04010500, annual peak streamflow. Licence: Open.

Method: The instantaneous maximum discharge of each water year as published by USGS, dated to the day it occurred. One value per October-to-September water year; where the publisher lists both a systematic and a historic peak for a year, the larger is the annual maximum. Values the publisher marks as maximum daily averages are not held here, because they are not instantaneous peaks. Values marked as bounded rather than measured are held as censored observations carrying the bound. Cubic feet per second are converted to cubic metres per second and the publisher unit is recorded alongside.

Rating curves are extrapolated at extreme discharges, so the largest values in a peak series carry the largest measurement uncertainty. Data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System, a work of the United States government and therefore in the public domain.

Retrieved 31 August 2026.