Station Daily Climate Dataset

What this looks like

One real series from the dataset, and real rows from the head of its published extract. Neither is a mock-up: the rows below are the same rows, unchanged, that are in the file you would download.

Daily maximum air temperature at Oxford

The longest single series this dataset holds — 75,912 daily values, one of 267. Drawn from 600 of them, evenly spaced across the record. The dataset is not this chart.

Drawn to show the shape and resolution of what the dataset contains, not to make a point about Oxford. Gaps are breaks, never interpolated.

View the data behind this chart

Underlying data
Period	Oxford (°C)
1814	6.60
1815	19.4
1816	4.90
1817	10.6
1818	9.40
1819	15.0
1820	17.8
1821	7.20
1822	7.80
1823	12.8
1824	7.20
1825	22.2
1826	3.90
1827	-0.600
1828	15.6
1829	12.2
1830	22.8
1831	6.80
1832	5.60
1833	8.10
1834	8.10
1835	16.1
1836	8.90
1837	5.10
1838	-0.200
1839	7.20
1840	12.7
1841	11.9
1842	3.10
1843	7.40
1844	4.10
1845	-4.10
1846	9.20
1847	10.4
1848	21.1
1849	8.60
1850	4.40
1851	6.60
1852	6.40
1853	16.1
1854	13.3
1855	10.1
1856	6.80
1857	10.3
1858	5.80
1859	12.2
1860	8.90
1861	13.4
1862	11.6
1863	7.20
1864	9.30
1865	5.50
1866	15.6
1867	16.6
1868	0.400
1869	4.90
1870	-1.10
1871	10.4
1872	3.80
1873	9.20
1874	19.3
1875	8.20
1876	8.90
1877	10.4
1878	12.1
1879	11.8
1880	13.0
1881	18.6
1882	7.20
1883	10.6
1884	8.80
1885	9.10
1886	10.4
1887	16.9
1888	13.5
1889	6.00
1890	6.80
1891	6.50
1892	15.3
1893	16.4
1894	14.2
1895	-0.200
1896	10.1
1897	8.40
1898	11.3
1899	13.2
1900	10.5
1901	0.800
1902	3.20
1903	9.40
1904	3.20
1905	10.3
1906	21.1
1907	12.1
1908	4.50
1909	12.6
1910	7.60
1911	8.00
1912	9.40
1913	11.6
1914	12.4
1915	8.30
1916	8.60
1917	8.90
1918	15.0
1919	13.0
1920	14.2
1921	10.1
1922	1.30
1923	7.70
1924	6.70
1925	7.80
1926	10.2
1927	20.9
1928	11.8
1929	-1.90
1930	8.70
1931	9.40
1932	13.3
1933	10.6
1934	8.90
1935	10.6
1936	10.6
1937	7.20
1938	12.2
1939	3.90
1940	2.80
1941	9.40
1942	5.00
1943	14.4
1944	18.3
1945	4.40
1946	11.7
1947	-0.100
1948	12.2
1949	13.9
1950	15.6
1951	9.40
1952	5.00
1953	11.7
1954	2.80
1955	15.0
1956	10.6
1957	11.1
1958	7.80
1959	12.2
1960	12.8
1961	15.2
1962	15.1
1963	-2.80
1964	5.30
1965	8.00
1966	7.30
1967	14.9
1968	1.10
1969	8.30
1970	3.30
1971	9.40
1972	12.3
1973	14.3
1974	8.90
1975	9.60
1976	5.40
1977	9.20
1978	12.3
1979	1.00
1980	7.00
1981	3.50
1982	7.70
1983	11.2
1984	16.4
1985	-0.100
1986	0.500
1987	8.20
1988	10.9
1989	10.7
1990	5.40
1991	4.80
1992	10.2
1993	9.80
1994	12.6
1995	12.8
1996	11.7
1997	5.30
1998	14.6
1999	9.50
2000	7.60
2001	11.0
2002	17.3
2003	9.00
2004	9.70
2005	4.20
2006	15.2
2007	21.1
2008	15.7
2009	9.60
2010	6.80
2011	11.0
2012	9.40
2013	12.2
2014	11.0
2015	7.40
2016	9.60
2017	13.0
2018	11.6
2019	12.4
2020	23.2
2021	4.80
2022	8.70
2023	9.70
2024	16.0
2025	4.80
2026	12.6

Sample rows

12 of 6,683,264 rows Taken from the start of observations-precipitation-noaa-ghcn-daily.csv. These are sample rows, not the dataset.

Sample rows from the Station Daily Climate Dataset extract
`metric_id`	`subject_id`	`subject_kind`	`value`	`censored`	`censor_operator`	`censor_threshold`	`censor_limit`	`censor_reported`	`unit`	`period_start`	`period_end`	`period_kind`	`basis`	`confidence`	`source_id`	`source_ref`	`qualifier`	`superseded`	`retrieved`
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	8.1	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-20	1885-04-20	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	12.4	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-21	1885-04-21	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	12.7	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-22	1885-04-22	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	0	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-23	1885-04-23	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	11.4	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-24	1885-04-24	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	10.9	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-25	1885-04-25	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	0	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-26	1885-04-26	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	0	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-27	1885-04-27	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	0	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-28	1885-04-28	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	0	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-29	1885-04-29	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	20.3	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-04-30	1885-04-30	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31
precipitation-daily	ghcn-ca005021220	geography	0	—	—	—	—	—	mm	1885-05-01	1885-05-01	day	measured	high	noaa-ghcn-daily	CA005021220/PRCP	—	—	2026-08-31

Download these rows as CSV — the same twelve, with the column header, for testing a loader before committing to the full file.

Methodology

Collected from NOAA’s GHCN-Daily, which assembles national meteorological services into one quality-controlled record. Stations were selected by length of precipitation record and by distance to a Hydrionis measurement point; the selection is written down and published rather than decided afresh on each run, so it can be reviewed. Values carrying any GHCN quality flag are not stored, because a value its own publisher doubts cannot be shown on a chart that has no way to express doubt. The missing marker is skipped rather than stored as zero, which matters most for snow depth, where stations stop reporting through summer and a zero would be a measurement nobody made.

What this dataset cannot tell you

Coverage

Subjects	146 GHCN-Daily stations in the UK, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Canada and the United States — 146 held
Period	1814–2026
Units	mm, °C
Update cadence	Daily
Identifier	`station-daily-climate` v1.1.0

Fields

Data dictionary →

Every metric this dataset carries, with the unit it is stored in and the geography level it is reported at. Full definitions are in the data dictionary.

Identifier	Field	Unit	Reported at
`precipitation-daily`	Daily precipitation Depth of precipitation recorded at a single station over one observation day.	mm	monitoring-station
`temperature-max-daily`	Daily maximum air temperature Highest air temperature recorded at a station during one observation day.	°C	monitoring-station
`temperature-min-daily`	Daily minimum air temperature Lowest air temperature recorded at a station during one observation day.	°C	monitoring-station
`snow-depth`	Snow depth Depth of snow lying on the ground at a station at the time of observation.	mm	monitoring-station

Rights and access

Licence position

Open. Derivative use true; redistribution true; commercial reuse true.

Applies to material authored by US federal agencies. Third-party material carried within a federal product may be separately protected.

Permitted uses

Public display
Derived analysis
API delivery
Bulk download
Commercial use

Available to: Public, Developer, Research, Professional, Enterprise. These follow from the rights of the contributing publishers, not from a Hydrionis pricing decision — no access tier can widen what a publisher withheld.

Contributing sources

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information — Global Historical Climatology Network — Daily (GHCN-Daily) (US Government work — public domain)

Attribution and citation

Cite and reuse →

Two different obligations, deliberately kept apart. One is a condition of somebody else's licence; the other is a request Hydrionis has no standing to enforce.

Suggested citation for Hydrionis

Hydrionis (2026), Station Daily Climate Dataset, version 1.1.0, accessed 2026-09-02, hydrionis.com/data/datasets/station-daily-climate/

Cite Hydrionis where you rely on the compilation, the normalisation, the eligibility judgements or a chart. Where you use an unmodified published value, the publisher’s attribution is the one that is required; crediting Hydrionis as well is welcome and is not something Hydrionis can require of you.

Recommended, not required. Hydrionis does not claim rights over unmodified public data it relayed, and doing arithmetic on somebody else’s measurements does not make them Hydrionis’s. Cite the version and the access date: Station Daily Climate Dataset changes as publishers release and as methods are revised, and a citation without both cannot be checked later. Full guidance is on cite and reuse.

None of the contributing licences requires attribution. Crediting the publishers is still good practice and they are listed above.

Changelog

Version 1.1.0 — 2026-08-31

A hundred more long-record stations, selected by the rule that was already documented.

Additions

One hundred additional GHCN-Daily stations, taking the dataset from forty-six to 146 and its coverage from nine jurisdictions to eleven, adding Norway and Canada. Every one carries between 135 and 168 years of daily precipitation, and the added stations carry precipitation alone.
The selection rule did not change. The list had been capped at forty-six below what its own criteria admit — still reporting, within thirty kilometres of a Hydrionis measurement point, sixty kilometres apart from each other — which together admit 1,145 stations. The hundred longest records were taken; the remainder are recorded as an acquisition gap rather than absorbed, because each is a daily series running for a century.

Version 1.0.0 — 2026-08-27

First release.

Additions

Daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature and snow depth for forty-six long-record stations.

Use this data

Every bulk extract ships with a companion metadata file carrying this dataset’s version, its sources, their licences, the attribution you are required to give and the suggested citation — so the terms travel with the file rather than staying on this page.

About this data

The fields a professional user needs to judge whether this is fit for a particular purpose. Deliberately not a score.

About this data

Everything below is a property of the data rather than a rating of it. There is deliberately no single confidence score: how much a gap matters depends on what you are about to do with the series, and only you know that.

Source	NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information — Global Historical Climatology Network — Daily (GHCN-Daily) · US Government work — public domain
How the values came to exist	Mixed across the series — the basis is recorded on every individual value.
Period held	1814–2026
Known gaps	A daily total belongs to the publisher’s observation day, which differs between networks and has sometimes changed within one station’s record. Single days are not reliably comparable across countries. Rain gauges under-catch in wind and snow, most severely at exposed and upland sites, so long records contain changes caused by the site rather than the weather. These are point measurements. A station is not its region, and an unweighted average of whichever gauges exist is not an area rainfall figure.
Continuity	Version 1.1.0, released 2026-08-31. 2 recorded versions; breaking changes and corrections are listed in the changelog above.
Last read from the publisher	2026-08-31 · publisher updates daily
Redistribution	Permitted by the upstream licences
Commercial reuse	Permitted by the upstream licences. No Hydrionis access tier can widen this.
Methodology	How this was produced