Key facts

Contaminant group
Metal
World Health Organization — guideline
3 µg/l
European Union — legal limit
5 µg/l
United Kingdom — legal limit
5 µg/l
United States — legal limit
5 µg/l

Where it comes from

  • Zinc smelting and refining, where cadmium occurs as a co-contaminant
  • Nickel-cadmium battery manufacture and disposal
  • Phosphate fertilisers, which carry trace cadmium from the rock phosphate
  • Corrosion of galvanised pipework and some solders

How it behaves in water

Mobile in acidic and low-organic-matter conditions and strongly retained in neutral to alkaline soils. Taken up readily by crops — rice and leafy vegetables in particular — which is why irrigation water quality matters more for cadmium than drinking water does.

How it is measured

Measured in micrograms per litre by ICP-MS. Contamination during sampling is a genuine risk given the low concentrations involved.

Regulatory position

Regulatory values for cadmium
JurisdictionValueStatusNotes
World Health Organization3 µg/lguideline
European Union5 µg/llegal limit
United Kingdom5 µg/llegal limit
United States5 µg/llegal limit

Table sources

Health context

Accumulates in the kidney over a lifetime, with a biological half-life measured in decades. Chronic exposure causes renal tubular damage and contributes to bone demineralisation — the itai-itai disease outbreak in Japan, caused by cadmium-contaminated irrigation water, established the mechanism.

What removes it

Treatment effectiveness
RowEffectiveNot reliably effective
1Coagulation and filtration at appropriate pHBoiling, which concentrates it
2Ion exchangeActivated carbon alone
3Reverse osmosisSediment filtration
4Lime softening

Relationships

    Related intelligence

    Sources